Logical, Systematic, Complete

IPCFR – Integrated Petrophysics for Carbonate and Fractured Reservoirs – 

A Roadmap

Contents – 5 Day

Contents – 3 Day

 

The Central Role of the Petrophysicist is to INTEGRATE !

 

Day 1

COURSE OBJECTIVES

 

Course Objectives 1

Course Objectives 2

 

INTRODUCTION AND PRINCIPLES

 

Intro – Reservoir schematic

Intro – Reminder: Borehole, Invasion & Symbols (Schl. Gen-3)

Intro – Aquifer, Transition Zone & Hydrocarbon Zone

Intro – Data Hierarchy and Upward Calibration:
Logs Provide a Vehicle for Data Integration

Intro: First Step, The Concept of Data Hierarchy

Intro: Data Hierarchy Criteria

Intro – Calibration projects high value data into larger reservoir volumes using more continuous data

Intro: Adopt a problem solving philosophy

Course Structure & Evaluation Sequence

 

CARBONATES ARE DIFFERENT TO CLASTICS            So don’t treat them like clastics

 

Contrasting Geological Origins – Clastics

Contrasting Geological Origins – Carbonates

Contrasting Geological Origins – Carbonates

Contrasting Geological Origins – Carbonates

Contrasting Geological Origins – Fractures

MICROPRACTICAL – QL Sw & k: invasion profiles

MICROPRACTICAL – QL Sw & k: Porosity vs Rt

Dominant Minerals – clastics, carbonates, fractures

Dominant Minerals – clastics

About clay minerals

Carbonates diagenesis – 1

Carbonates diagenesis – 2   Always look for dolomitic zones!

Diagenesis – carbonates more extreme

Carbonate Diagenetic Facies

Carbonate Diagenetic Effects on Permeability

Clastic-Carbonate differences:
Carbonate POROSITY: low, high, variable, extreme

Clastic-Carbonate differences:
Clastics PORE GEOMETRY usually simple

Clastic-Carbonate differences:
Carbonates PORE GEOMETRY extremely diverse

Clastic-Carbonate differences:  Carbonates PORE GEOMETRY range

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Clastic-Carbonate differences..
but Carbonate PORE GEOMETRY can also be uniform

Clastic-Carbonate differences: heterogeneity, mm-m

Carbonate porosity types are diverse  (Choquette & Pray 1970)

Summary – Clastic – Carbonate matrix differences

Stress, Fracture Types & Petrophysical Features

Fracture Spacing “S”  and  Width “E”

Geologic Parameters Controlling  “S”  and  “E”

Reservoir Character created by differences:
Fracture-Matrix Interaction, q

Day1 AM PRACTICAL: Physical Characteristics Questions

Reservoir Character created by differences
– oil wetness

Wettability:  Wetting preferences dictate the distribution of oil & water within the pore network

Saturation Exponent vs. Fraction Oil Wet Surface

The link between resistivity and Sw becomes problematic with mixed n* 3.4 ? 1.8; EHC+48%

Wettability: Is your reservoir non-strongly water wet?

 

ARE CARBONATE GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS USEFUL FOR CARBONATE PETROPHYSICS?

 

Carbonate Classifications-Dunham: Grain support

Carbonate Classifications – petrophysics at last !
Lucia: rock-fabric classes

Carbonate Classifications – Lucia’s key concepts

Lucia – vug classes.  Are vugs connected?

Lucia’s –
“Rock Fabric”

Lucia’s –
“Rock Fabric”

Lucia’s – “Rock Fabric”
Non-vuggy limestones & dolostones: Class1, 2 & 3

Fracture permeability
Parallel plate single fracture set

Lucia’s – “Rock Fabric” Separate vug permeability – difficult

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Lucia’s – “Rock Fabric” generic inter particle off-the-shelf answers

In Defence of Lucia – from Ø to k & Sw without core     Use, adapt, replace

Fractures – Fractured Reservoir Classification – Aguilera

Fractures – Fractured Reservoir Classification – Nelson

Fooled by Fractures

Course Structure & Evaluation Sequence

 

HOW DO THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CARBONATES IMPACT RESERVOIR MEASUREMENTS?

 

Impact of Character on Measurement & Evaluation

Impact on Measurements – Conventional logs:
a Failure Point

Impact on Measurements – Matrix porosity

Impact on Measurements – Matrix porosity
Clastics vs Carbonates

Impact on Measurements – Matrix porosity
Matrix porosity measurements compared

Day1 PM PRACTICAL: Classification Systems and Petrophysics, Lucia

 

END DAY 1

 

Day 2

Recap Day1

Impact on Measurements – Fracture porosity
Impact on Measurements – Matrix saturation Swrt
Impact on Measurements – Matrix saturation Swpc
Impact on Measurements – Swpc
What is Capillary Pressure?

Impact on Measurements – Swpc
WFTs Provide FWL, Mobile Fluid Type
& Actual Capillary Pressure = Excess Pressure = Saturating Pressure

Impact on Measurements – Matrix saturation Swmr
MICROPRACTICAL – Matrix porosity Error in
“tight” carbonates

Impact on Measurements – Matrix permeability

Impact on Measurements – Matrix permeability

Impact on Measurements – Fracture permeability

Impact on Measurements – Netpay thickness, h

Impact on Measurements – FWL

MICROPRACTICAL – Data Hierarchy drives Data Flow

 

CAUTION !    MISLEADING DATA IN CARBONATE AND FRACTURED RESERVOIRS

 

Misleading Data – fracture wells tests

Misleading Data – Access the matrix!

Misleading Data – routine core analysis

Misleading Data – biased RCA

Misleading Data
Use high sample density fixed spacing RCA

Misleading Data – inadequate pore throat size data

Misleading Data – missing Clay Bound Water

Misleading Data – Mercury capillary pressure data correction, for ClayBW only

Misleading Data – Rt

Misleading Data – Viscous oil shortens NMR T2

Carbonate & Fracture Major Petrophysical Difficulties

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Day2 AM1 PRACTICAL: FWL from single WFT point

Day2 AM2 PRACTICAL: Classification Systems & Petrophysics, Fractures

Course Structure & Evaluation Sequence

 

USEFUL DATA – LOG IT, USE IT

 

Achieving Optimal Data Acquisition

Useful data – Drilling, Mudlogs, Chromatograph

Useful data – Rxo

Useful data – Whole core, Miniperm

Useful data – Core

Useful data – Sonic, Density

Useful data – Logged Water Zones

Useful data – a*Rw, m from Dielectric BVW and Rxo

Useful data – Analogs cheap!

Useful data – Analog superimposed RCA for SCAL

Useful data – Analog FZI for SCAL Pc data

Useful data – Stoneley Permeability

 

POWERFUL DATA – NICE IF YOU CAN GET IT!

 

Powerful data – Fracture Check & Managed Pressure
Drilling (MPD) Control swab/surge & detect permeable fracs

Powerful data – Fracture Test Design & analysis (1)

Powerful data – Fracture Test Design & analysis (2)
Dual porosity pressure build up vs. time  characteristics

Powerful data – Image Logs

Powerful data – Image Logs

Powerful data – Image Logs

Powerful data – NMR: Principle

Powerful data – NMR: Think Sw-Ht

Powerful data – NMR: Convert T2 to Ht & BVW

Powerful data– NMR bins imply Sw for a given Pc (Ht)

Powerful data – NMR: Acquire Fast BFV, BVI

Day2 PM PRACTICAL: Impact of Physical Characteristics on Measurements

 

END DAY 2

Day 3

Recap Day2

Powerful data – Array Sonics e.g. SLB Sonic Scanner (MSIP)

Powerful data – What we need from Array Acoustics

Powerful data – Dielectric Tools:
SLB: ADT Array Dielectric Tool SPE116130 (Sep-08)

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Powerful Data – Production Noise Log frequency distinguishes fracture vs matrix flow

Powerful data – Sigma Logs: BVW

Powerful data – Sigma Logs: BVWe

Powerful data – LWD Sigma log: BVW

MICROPRACTICAL  Sw: Calculate Swi_mr from
Free Fluid and Øt, what assumptions?

Powerful data – FLEX, LithoScanner, ECS (Elemental Capture Spectroscopy)

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Powerful data – TypeC Fracture Well Tests
Well test + Image Log ? E ? Øf ? HCIIP !

Powerful… Core + Image Log + NMR + FWL

Powerful… Relative contribution to Formation Evaluation of different data types

Key Questions for the Data Acquisition program

Guide – Carbonate Wireline Logging   (SLB mnemonics)

Course Structure & Evaluation Sequence

 

CARBONATES QUICK LOOK – DIFFERENT TO CLASTICS

 

QL – Fracture ID,
conventional logs

QL – Fracture Porosity indicated by Conventional Logs

QL Fracture ID – Key Points

Course Structure & Evaluation Sequence

General – Four calibrations ensure correct matrix HPV
..this is what we will do (Deakin & Smith 2003)

Carbonate Matrix Evaluation

Carbonate Matrix Evaluation – Key Elements

QL – Achieving Fit-For-Purpose Quick Look Results

QL – unseen rhog changes in low Ø rock will ruin Ød !

QL – Porosity density neutron, Ødn

QL – Porosity sonic (Wyllie Time Average), Øs

QL – Why sonic porosity?  For vugs!

QL – (Ødn-Øs) indicates vugs, and m

Øs: approximate dt matrix

Øs: determine dt_fluid from dtf apparent (dtfa)

Øs: determine vugs & predict m with dtfa

Day3 PRACTICAL: Achieving Cost Effective Data Acquisition & Basic Carbonate Log Analysis – Questions

Course Structure & Evaluation Sequence

QL – Ro prediction  a*Rw, m   Archie:  Sw^n = a*Rw / (Rt * Ø^m)

Impact of ‘m’ on Ro.    Archie: Ø-m=Ro/Rw

Actual lab SCAL m variations caused by vuggy porosity – m impacts Ro and HPV

Is Water Zone ‘m’ related to Øvugs?  If yes use Øvugs to predict m in HC zone

Ro prediction variable m

Saturation Archie, Swar

What is ‘n’?   Archie: Sw-n = Rt/Ro

QL – HC detection, qualitative

QL – Saturation.  Resistivity ratio: Swrr

QL – Saturation: Swrr problems

QL – Sw resistivity ratio: Swrr

QL – Reconcile  Swar, Swrr

 

FULL CARBONATE MATRIX EVALUATION

 

Define the Matrix / Fracture split

Average m’s:  Interparticle 1.99;  Vuggy/moldic 2.28

Average m’s: Non vuggy Lucia Classes

Whole rock m: vugs increase, fracs decrease

Carbonate matrix evaluation – vugs increase m

Carbonate matrix evaluation – reality is complex

Carbonate matrix – Determine vugs: Image logs

Carbonate matrix – Determine vugs: NMR logs

Carbonate matrix – summary variable m (mv) determination from Øvug

Carbonate matrix – vugs and HPV

Day3 PRACTICAL: Basic Carbonate Log Analysis: Platform Carbonate, Gas – Questions

 

END DAY 3

Day 4

Recap Day3

Carbonate matrix evaluation –
Rock Fabric Identification

MICROPRACTICAL Ro: Compute m apparent in Sw100 zone

Carbonate matrix – Porous plate apparatus used for air-brine capillary pressure data, Sw – Pc

Carbonate matrix –
Wetting phase (water) desaturation with increasing Pc

Carbonate matrix  –
Height positions the Pc-Sw data in the reservoir

Carbonate matrix –
Use RCA to project cap.press data into the reservoir

Carbonate matrix –
Capillary Pressure Measurement techniques

Carbonate matrix  – Core Overburden Electrical Properties combined with porous plate Pc

Carbonate matrix – Capillary Pressure Saturations,
4 controls on Sh

Carbonate matrix – Interfacial Tension IFT

Do Perched Water contacts violate capillary pressure Saturation-height assumptions?

Carbonate matrix – Mercury injection data reveals PTSD

Carbonate matrix – Different Reservoir Qualities yield Different  TZ  thickness

Carbonate matrix – In Transition Zones Pc is low and Sw>Swi Water and oil are both mobile

MICROPRACTICAL Cutoff: Relative Perm SCAL data demonstrates the Netpay permeability cutoff

Carbonate matrix  –
Summary of J Function Sw from Pc data, Swj

Swpc:  J Bundles Ø, k and Ht to correlate with Sw

Fitting Pc data: FOIL, Lambda, Modified J, Johnson, Skelt

Carbonate matrix  –
Converting Laboratory Pc  to reservoir Height

Carbonate matrix  –
Swj (predicted) vs core plug measured Sw

Carbonate matrix  –
QuickLook Swpc: arrange your Pc data like this,
per rocktype, facies

Carbonate matrix  – Redisplay lab Pc results as a simple Sw-Ht grid

Carbonate matrix – Bulk Volume Water > Cap.Press BVWi Indicates Fluid Zone = Transition Zone; Residuals or Water

Carbonate matrix: Oil and Water mud core Sw compared
to reservoir true Sw

Swobm:  Partial Invasion of an Oil Mud Core leaving an un-invaded center

Carbonate matrix –
Dean Stark apparatus used in the determination of oil mud Swcore

Carbonate matrix:
Check OBM 3days before coring

Day4 PRACTICAL: How to Use Capillary Pressure Data  – Questions

 

RESERVOIR ROCK TYPES (RRTs)

 

Carbonate matrix – Characterise EACH RRT:
NMR T2 distribution may indicate Pore Throat Size distribution

Carbonate matrix  – Characterise EACH RRT:
will the pore system unload it’s oil?

Summary – Reservoir Rock Typing (RRT)

World’s Largest Tanker: JahreViking 4.1mm bbls crude
Ultra Large Crude Carrier (ULCC).  Planet Earth consumes 20 of these per day

Carbonate matrix  – Magnetic Resonance Swi for ‘n’

Carbonate matrix  – A better way to display NMR data

Carbonate matrix – Four calibrations ensure correct matrix HPV  ..this is what we have done (Deakin & Smith 2003)

Course Structure & Evaluation Sequence

 

CARBONATE MATRIX PERMEABILITY EVALUATION

 

k matrix QL: Adapt Chart K-4

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Carbonate matrix  –
SDR permeability equation, T2 cutoff not used

Carbonate matrix – Coates permeability

Carbonate matrix – determine vug connectivity
p = f.(Øvug)

Carbonate matrix  – Bound Fluid Volumes and logs

Carbonate matrix –
Why the Coates Equation is so powerful

Carbonate matrix  –  Coates equation vs Core

Carb matrix – What is an Acoustic Stoneley Wave?

Carb matrix – Stoneley waves: Attenuation, Slowness & Mobility

Carb matrix –
Stoneley waves Slowed & Attenuated by Mobility

FWL – Supercharging: WFT measured pressures may be above formation if permeability is low

FWL Excess Pressure plots clarify FWLs and show actual reservoir capillary pressure

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Carb matrix – Diverse data with the same result creates confidence in the result.. especially in complex reservoirs

Carbonate Matrix – Key Points

Day4 PRACTICAL: How to use Capillary Pressure Data contd

 

END DAY 4

Day 5

Recap Day4

Course Structure & Evaluation Sequence

 

FRACTURES

 

Fractured Reservoir Evaluation process

Fractures – Basement High & Porosity Distribution, TypeC

Fractures – Fracture POROSITY is SMALL!

Fractures – Limited storage: HPV per GRV << Intergranular

Fractures – Porosity: Outcrop studies

Fractures – Porosity: Core + Image logs

Fractures – Porosity: Well Tests TypeC  and TypeB if  kf>>km

Fractures – Fracture PERMEABILITY is BIG!

Fractures – Useful calculators
Frac Ø & HPV, from DST kh and Deterministic.  Type C and B if kf>>km

Fractures – Finding & Evaluating Fracs Data, Ranked

Fractures –
Acoustic Stoneley Wave Reflection Coefficient

Fractures – Acoustic Stoneley Wave response

Fractures – Stoneley Attenuation and Fracture Aperture

Fractures –
What is Acoustic Shear Wave Splitting?

Fractures –
Acoustic Wave Shear Anisotropy

Fractures – Conjugate fractures & Smax

QL – Fracture ID: special logs 1

QL – Fracture ID: special logs 2

Fractures –
Orientation: Acoustic & Image

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Fractures – Circumfrential Acoustic Scanner Tool (CAST) amplitude displayed as dipping planes (fracs) with known orientation

Fractures – Comparison of Fracture Imaging Logs

Fractures – Mechanical Properties Log

Fractures – Production Logging Techniques

Fractures – S, E, Orientation and Length?
Any other data?

Fractures –
Lithology may influence fracture spacing, S

Determine Fracture-Matrix Interaction

Fractures – Plan view: vertical fractures & horizontal well

Fractures – Size, Density & Orientation

Fracture Orientation + Stress Orientation ? Drill

Fracture Indicator Scores – exhaustive and definitive but slow

Fractures – Surprising Fluid Distributions after Production

Fractures – Some Key Points

Course Structure & Evaluation Sequence

 

CARBONATE GEO-MODEL INPUT

 

What are the Matrix and Fracture Grids in simulation?

A Consistent Geological Model

Imagine your reservoir as a road cutting..

Geo-model Checksums
EHC & kh must be equal at all scales of reservoir description!

Course Structure & Evaluation Sequence

10 Systematic errors which will ruin your
carbonate/fracture geo.model (chronological)

Day5  PRACTICAL Achieving Fit For Purpose QL Results 

 

THE END

 

BACKUP

 

Twice Daily Practical work sessions

Morning coffee – Your considered questions and debate

100+ Critical Equations in MSExcel format

Abbreviations

Key C&F technical papers

References

Charts

 

Together we recognise, understand and treat all the critical issues which threaten the Carbonate & Fracture petrophysicist.  The structured process detailed in this course will arm you with fresh confidence, knowledge and enthusiasm for your work as a Carbonate geoscientist.

 

If you love petrophysics you will love this course. Guaranteed !

 

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