Benchmark Petrophysics Training
IPRC – Integrated Petrophysics for Reservoir Characterisation
Contents – 5 Day
Contents – 3 Day below
Day 1
COURSE OBJECTIVES
Course Objectives
Course Contents include
INTRODUCTION & PRINCIPLES
Intro: How you will feel after Integrating …
Intro: A Comprehensive Course Manual !
Intro: The Central Role of Petrophysics is to INTEGRATE !
Intro: Objective of Formation Evaluation
Intro: Four log calibrations ensure correct HPV’s ..this is what we will do (Deakin&Smith 2003)
Intro: Reservoir schematic
Intro: Data Hierarchy and Upward Calibration: Logs Provide a Vehicle for Data Integration
Intro: The Concept of Data Hierarchy
Intro: Data Hierarchy Criteria
Intro: Calibration projects high value data into larger reservoir volumes using more continuous data
Intro: Adopt a problem solving philosophy
MICROPRACTICAL Logs, Core, Salinity & Rw
Intro: Poor Reservoir is More Sensitive to Error
Intro: Major Petrophysical Difficulties
Intro: Data Sources: Diverse data with the same result create confidence (redundancy)
Intro: Hetrogeneous reservoirs require measurements at the required answer scale, or multiple finer scale measurements to describe them
Intro: Improper core sampling for core-log calibration
Intro: RCA should be at fixed depth spacing – like log data
Intro: A Basic Problem for Petrophysics
Intro: Deterministic vs. Probabilistic Petrophysics
QUICK LOOK
Quick Look: Borehole, invasion and symbols (Schl. Gen-3)
Conventional Logs: Caliper; Gamma Ray
Conventional Logs: In spectral GR tools total GR is split into POTA, THOR & URAN by detection of different energy GR’s
Conventional Logs: Spontaneous Potential, MicroResistivity
Conventional Logs: Multi-depth Resistivity, Compressional Sonic
Conventional Logs: Density, Neutron
Conventional Logs: Density Tool receiver GR energies
Conventional Logs: Density, Neutron
Conventional Logs: Porosity, Sw, Perm, Pay
Guide: Clastics Wireline Logging (SLB mnemonics)
Quick Look: Invasion profiles indicate mobile fluids & permeability – oil base mud
Quick Look: Why porosity logs are plotted backwards
Quick Look: Mudlog, rate shows and apply chromatograph ratios
Quick Look: Compute Vsh
Quick Look: Compute Vsh
Quick Look: Compute Ø
Quick Look: Density-Neutron crossplot Ø, safe!
Quick Look: Compute Ø
Quick Look: Compute Sw
Quick Look: Compute Sw
Quick Look: Compute k
Quick Look: Aquifer, Transition Zone and Hydrocarbon Zone
Quick Look: Compute netpay, h …
Quick Look: Default Equation Sequence
Quick Look: The backbone of log analysis..
Quick Look: Caution.. reviewers beware!
Recommended Evaluation Sequence
DATA PREPARATION
Data Prep: Project Preparation – Collect and tabulate all data for each well
Birthplace of The Manual … step by step
Data Prep: Log Data Preparation
Data Prep: Merge LWD and Wireline
Data Prep: Sometimes LWD is better than Wireline
Data Prep: Log Normalisation
Data Prep: Rock Physics (seismic) – log editing: dt, rhob process summary
Data Prep: Core Data Preparation & Vetting
VSHALE AND LITHOLOGY
Vsh: Clay and Shale
Vsh: Common Uses of Vclay, Vshale
Vsh: Importance
Vsh: Common Problems
Vsh: Magnetic Resonance and other inputs
c:\data\courses\zzMRIL.avi Click to play
Vsh: Cores and Cuttings
DAY1 1100h Begin Quick Look Log Analysis Practical
Vsh: CGR clean & CGR shale values from 5 & 95 percentiles
Vsh: Conventional wisdom: True Vsh < Linear Vshgr
Vsh: Density-neutron
Vsh: Some more equations.. see Notes
Vsh: Advantages of Vshgr
Vsh: Thomas-Stieber clay distribution.. assumes sand Øt is reduced by dispersed clay in pores, Tertiary clastics
Lith: Lithoscanner and spectral GR tools
c:\data\courses\zzLithoScanner.wmv Click to play
As a Reviewer of Petrophysics: Check Vshale
Recommended Evaluation Sequence
POROSITY
Ø: Objective of Log Derived Porosity
Ø: The Effect of Porosity Error is Significant, Even in Fair Reservoir Quality Sand
Ø: Common Porosity Problems
Ø: Pre-emptive action for Badhole
Morning report: “Successfully cemented rig in-place”
Ø: Importance and Problems of Core Porosity
Ø: Significance of grain density, rhog
END DAY 1
Day 2
Day1 Recap, Questions, Debate
Ø: RCA, typical laboratory process
Ø: Core Cleaning and Drying
Ø: Recommended RCA procedure
Ø: Gas expansion porosity Boyle’s Law Porosimeter
Ø: Advantages of Gas Expansion Porosity
Ø: Porosity compaction with increasing Net Confining Pressure
Ø: Core Overburden Porosities
Ø: Core Uniaxial Compaction Correction
MICROPRACTICAL: Which quicklook porosity?
Ø: The Ideal Model. Full core-log integration. Uses Øt & Øe linked via Qv, salinity (Juhasz 1988)
Ø: Advantages of Total Porosity, Øt
Ø: What is Effective Porosity? Øe
Ø: Mainstream Petrophysics Øe
Ø: Traditional Log Analysis Øe
Ø: Porosity measurements compared
Ø: Uncalibrated ‘Effective’ Porosity, Core calibrated total porosity and Bulk Volume Hydrocarbon
Ø: Carbonates: Density-Sonic porosity can indicate vugs, Øv
Ø: Log Integration. rhog variations cause error in Density Porosity
Ø: Log Integration. Core-log plot determines apparent fluid density, rhof
Ø: Magnetic Resonance Porosities, Ømrt, Ømre
Ø: Neutron Porosity, Øn
Ø: Deriving Øn : 1. Matrix and Shale corrections
Ø: Kaolinite reduces GR’s ability to correct neutron
Ø: Advantages of Ødn and recap
Ø: Gas Zone Porosities
Reviewers of Petrophysics: Check Ø
Recommended Evaluation Sequence
Rw, FORMATION WATER RESISITIVITY
Rw: Formation Water Resistivity
Rw: Errors obscure resistivity derived pay
Rw: The Rw we Want and The Rw we Get
Rw: Sources of Rw *=@Swi
Rw: Screen salinity data for Rw
Rw: Reservoir Temperature from well tests. End main build up period
Rw: Use WFT water samples to calibrate log Rwa’s
Rw: Archie Rwa from clean 100% water zones
MICROPRACTICAL Compute Rwa, Rwrr
Rw: NaCl apparent (NaCla), a useful curve during exploration
Rw: Certain water zones, Sw100
Rw: Identify & Flag “Sw100” zones for Rwa, NaCla, ma, BQva etc..
Rw: Rwpc, Rwssp, Rwgrad
Reviewers of Petrophysical Results: Check Rw
DAY2 1100h BEGIN Practical Ques2 Core-Log Workshop : Reconcilliation..
Ro, WATER SATURATED FORMATION RESISTIVITY & m
Ro: Water Saturated Resistivity, Objective and Problems
Ro: Function of ‘m’
Ro: Ø^-m = Ro/Rw. Core-log common format ‘m’ definition plot
Ro: Pickett Plot: determines m, a*Rw and Sw from logs
Ro: Importance of ‘m’
Ro: How to pick SCAL plugs
Ro: Some Problems with Laboratory ‘m’ values
Ro: Laboratory SCAL m* variations
Ro: Sw100 Zone Log Analysis ‘m’
Ro: Determining m and m* from Sw100zone log data
Ro: Carbonates: Is Water Zone ‘m’ related to Øvugs ?
Ro: Investigate Poretype ‘m’ variations by:
Ro: ‘m’ Log Integration
Reviewers of Petrophysical Results: Check Ro
Resume Practicals with Water Zone “m”..
Recommended Evaluation Sequence
Sw WATER SATURATION
Sw: Saturation
Sw: Uncertainty Increased by:
Sw: Common Problems
Sw: Archie – Basic Reference
Rt: Rt Squaring is Naive – a glance at core (Malay basin shaly sands)
Rt: Rdeep_lwd Exceeds Invasion Corrected Rt_lld
Rt: Vertical and Horizontal Resistivity for Rsand(3DEX)
END DAY 2
Day 3
Day2 Recap, Questions, Debate
BIG WEDNESDAY !
n SATURATION EXPONENT
n: Function of ‘n’
n: Sw^-n = Rt/Ro Core-log common format ‘n’ definition plot
n: Importance of ‘n’
n: Some Problems with Laboratory ‘n’ values
WETTABILITY
Wettability: Wetting preferences dictate the distribution of oil and water within the pore network
Wettability: Effect of Core Cleaning on Saturation Exponent, n
Wettability: Containing the Problem
Wettability: The link between resistivity and Sw becomes problematic with mixed wettability n* 3.4 Þ 1.8; EHC+48%
Wettability: Is your reservoir non-strongly water wet?
n: Improve your laboratory ‘n’ values..
MICROPRACTICAL Sw equations predict Ro first … then compare with Rt
SHALY SAND EVALUATION
Shaly sands: Ro is suppressed in Shaly Sands for a given Ø
Shaly sands: Rt is suppressed in Shaly Sands for a given Sw
Shaly sands: Multiple Salinity Core Tests for Excess Conductivity, B*Qv and Waxman Smits Fws
Shaly sands: Waxman & Smits, Swt
Shaly sands: Core Cation Exchange Capacity for Qv
Shaly sands: Qv, effective conc. clay exchange cations per unit pore vol.
Shaly sands: Øt – Qv relationships (log-log plot)
Shaly sands: NMR logs provide Qv estimate
Shaly sands: NMR logs provide this and more:
Shaly sands: Archie m = f.(Ø, Vsh) for apparent Qv.. no core (Qvm)
Shaly sands: Equivalent Conductivity of Exchange Cations, B
Shaly sands: Porosity vs WS Formation Factor aws = 1.33, mws = 1.86 (at overburden)
Shaly sands: Saturation vs W&S Resistivity Index: nws = 2.17 ?
Shaly sands: Is ‘m’ a Function of Vshale ? Sw100zone diagnostic plot
Shaly sands: Are ‘clean’ sands really clean ? Does it matter ?
Popular Sw Equations
Choose a Suitably Structured Saturation Equation
Shaly sands: Selecting parameters for the Juhasz Qvn Eqn, 1 .. No core
Shaly sands: Selecting parameters for Juhasz Qvn Eqn, 2 No core
Shaly sands: For Freshwater Shaly Sands do this …
Shaly sands: Getting the right answer..
DAY3 1100h BEGIN Practical: DAY3 EVALUATIOn: Ø, Rw, ‘m’, ‘n’, Sw
n: ‘n’ as a core-log matching parameter Use best estimate of reservoir Sw for core-log integration
SW OIL BASE MUD CORE
Swobm: Oil Mud Core Sw & ‘n’
Swobm: Oil and Water mud core Sw compared to reservoir true Sw
Swobm: Partial Invasion of an Oil Mud Core leaving an un-invaded center
Swobm: Dean Stark apparatus used in the determination of oil mud Swcore
Swobm: Comparison of oil mud core and log derived Sw, Prudhoe Bay
Swobm: How to get Sw OBM core
Swwbm: How to get Sw WBM core
Sw CAPILLARY PRESSURE
Swpc: What is Capillary Pressure?
Swpc: WFTs Provide FWL, Mobile Fluid Type and Actual Reservoir Capillary Pressure
Swpc: Porous plate apparatus used for air-brine capillary pressure data, Sw – Pc
Swpc: Wetting phase (water) desaturation with increasing Pc
Swpc: Core Overburden Electrical Properties in conjunction with porous plate Pc
Swpc: Capillary Pressure Measurement techniques
Capillary Pressure Saturations – 4 controls on Sh
Swpc: Are Pc Plugs Representative?
Have Anomalous plugs been identified?
BEGIN PM Practical DAY3 EVALUATION: Ø, Rw, ‘m’, ‘n’, Sw
Swpc: Converting Laboratory Pc to Height
Swpc: Height positions the Pc-Sw data in the reservoir..
Swpc: Use RCA to project cap.press data into the reservoir
Swpc: e.g. Whole core would provide a log independent direct measure of EHC over gross interval
Swpc: Summary of J Function Sw from Pc data, Swj
Swpc: J Bundles Ø, k and Ht to correlate with Sw
Swpc: The Reservoir Master Equation J predicts Sw (carbonate, poor fit)
Swpc: Equation check: Plot Swj vs Sw measured
Swpc: Log Ø, Sw, k = Core Ø, Sw, k
Swpc: QuickLook: arrange your Pc data like this
Swpc: Redisplay lab Pc results as a simple Sw-Ht grid
Swpc: Capillary Pressure Sw and ‘n’
Swpc: n from logged Rt and Cap.Pressure Data
Swpc: Capillary Pressure Saturations may be inaccurate
END DAY 3
Day 4
Day3 Recap, Questions, Debate
Sw NMR, DIELECTRIC & OTHERS
Swmr: Magnetic Resonance Swi
Swik4: Sw from log evaluation matches Swik4 from core Ø and k
c:\data\courses\zzDieScanr.wmv Click to play
SW WRAP UP
Swrt: Do we use the Log Integrated ‘n’ value for Swrt or not?
Sw: Consider cutting rotary side-wall cores for Ø, k & Sw in OBM wells
Sw: One Common Use Equation Set – Log and Geo-model HPVs, kabs, koil Core = Log = Geomodel (black)
Swrt: Other Sw checks
Sw: Base case: The Sw Decision Tree
Sw: Alternative Methods for Sw Equation Parameters
Sw: Base case – Logical Constraints (reviewers)
Sw: Logical constraint: At a given porosity, Swrt increases with increasing clays: the shaly sand equation (W&S) is not over compensating
Sw: Logical constraint:
Sw: Swrt agrees with Swpc
Recap. Calibrate Swrt with:
Four log calibrations ensure correct HPV’s. This is what we have done (Deakin&Smith 2003)
Moved Hydrocarbon Saturation, Shm
Resistivity Ratio Sw, Swrr
Reviewers of Petrophysical Results: Check Sw
MICROPRACTICAL Core analysis indicates Swi
What Rt = the maximum economic water cut?
Recommended Evaluation Sequence
MOBILE FLUID ZONES
Contacts, Fluid Zones & Capillary Pressure
FZ: Importance of Fluid Zone Evaluation
FZ: Fluid zones and their use during data extraction for geo.models
FZ: Fluid zone determination can be complex
FZ: Common Fluid Zone Problems
FZ: WFTs Provide Mobile Fluid Type, FWL and Capillary Pressure
FZ: Reservoir separation may be subtle
FZ: WFT Problems
FZ: Supercharging: WFT measured pressures may be above formation if permeability is low
FZ: Excess Pressure plots clarify FWLs and show actual reservoir capillary pressure
FZ: SLB’s Quicksilver probe
FZ: Saturn Probe <2mD formation
FZ: Mis-identified gradients from pressure barriers
FZ: WFT Operations Recommendations
FZ: WFT Operations Recommendations, contd
c:\data\courses\zzIFX.wmv Click to play
FZ: Think of kicks as unplanned well tests
FZ: Think of kicks as unplanned well tests … contd.
FZ: Find gas.. qualitative
FZ: Bulk Volume Water, BVW = Ø*Swi (Buckles Number)
FZ: Ø*Swi > Buckles Number indicates Fluid Zone = Transition Zone, Residual or Water
FZ: Use Multiple Hydrocarbon Indicators!
FZ: Use Probability of Mobile Hydrocarbon Tables
FZ: In Transition Zones Pc is low and Sw>Swi. Water and oil both mobile
FZ: Different Reservoir Qualities yield
Different TZ thickness
Reviewers of Petrophysical Results:
Check Fluid Zones
DAY4 1100h BEGIN Practical
DAY4 WFT Data Acquisition
Recommended Evaluation Sequence
k PERMEABILITY & DERIVATIVES
k: Permeability Objectives
k: Importance of Permeability Prediction, klog
k: Well B’s Netpay is more permeable.
Compare your wells’ h or EHC like this
k: Problem: Flow from Static Properties
k: Other Permeability Prediction Problems
k: Why core data rules (permeameter)
k: Gas Slippage – Klinkenberg effect
k: Klinkenberg Permeability correction
(gas slippage)
Skip k: Low k plugs are more sensitive to overburden stress
k: The Effect of Oven Drying and Critical Point Drying on Illite Morphology
k: RCA kair > k_in-situ
k: Typical Relative Values for Various Measures of Permeability
k: Well Test Permeability, kh
k: Well Test Problems
k: The effective h may not be that at the well bore
k: Reservoir Rock Typing (RRT) for klog:
1) Facies, Image-log facies zonation
k: Reservoir Rock Typing for klog
2) Data should cover cores and logs
k: Two Rocktypes: Same field, same well, same reservoir
k: Rocktypes: J value vs. Sw trends help reveal separate rocktypes
k: Rocktypes: Log linear J Function plot, two trends. Air/mercury data
k: Rocktypes: Porosity-perm trend disturbed by diagenetic leaching
k: Are Geo.Facies Useful for klog?
c:\data\courses\zzSTAR.avi Click to play
k: Permeability indicators, ranked
k: Log Integration for Permeability
k: Quick Look Permeability from cheap logs
k: Summary of Quick Look Perm. contd.
k: The ability of Sw to predict k exceeds Ø Same core plugs. (N.Sea cap.pres.data)
k: kair from log derived Ø & Sw irreducible, Chart K4
k: MICROPRACTICAL
Hydrocarbon Pore Volume indicates permeability Chart K-4
k: Advantages of HPV & Sw for klog
k: klog = f.(vsh, Ø, Sw)
END DAY 4
Day 5
Day4 Recap, Questions, Debate
k: Magnetic Resonance, kmr
k: Timur Coates permeability equation
k: Understanding Bound Fluid Volume BFV and logs
k: Timur Coates adds what’s missing in Ø-k transforms
k: TimurCoates equation vs Core
k: Does your RE need stressed kbrine or kair? Ask
kw ko kg: Swrt & SCAL rel.perm predicts kw, kg, pay, kh
kw ko kg: inputs used to match summed log data kh to summed DST kh
kw ko kg: Effective kg vs. kw, P10 and P90 versions and Linear kg-kw
Reviewers of Petrophysical Results:
Check Permeability
Recommended Evaluation Sequence
NET & NETPAY
Net: What is Netpay?
Net: Net Importance
Net: Accurately determining the Net cutoff can be crucial …
Net: ‘Net’ yields fluids
Net: Gross Ratio Problems
Net: Rt imported from Twin-well (200ft away) shows Water-flood Above and Below 1mD
Net: Depletion below 1mD = Net (RFTs)
Net: Strong Relationship Between Movable Oil Saturation after Water Flood and Permeability indicating Zero Movable Oil at 0.2mD
Misleading Data: How not to acquire SCAL data.
Exclusively high permeability samples create bias and preclude trends
Net: MICROPRACTICAL
Relative Perm data demonstrates the Netpay permeability cutoff
Net: Core Fluorescence, Conventional Core and Well Tests
Net: Logs = non-pay or marginal, core = pay: Tested 11mmscfpd. This facies 35% Bulk Rock Vol.
Net: NMR locates movable fluids and delineates netpay in laminated shaly sands (low contrast pay)
Net: Invasion Profiles for Netpay
What is Netpay? Microlog indicates permeability, Vsh does not
Net: Netpay from Evaluated Sw, Ø, Vsh
Net: Log and Non-log Netpay, Netrock Indicators, ranked
Net: Why Permeability as Cut-off criteria ?
Net: PASS FLUIDS measured by Vclay – No!
Net: PASS FLUIDS measured by Porosity – No!
Net: PASS FLUIDS measured by Sh – better
Net: PASS FLUIDS measured by k – YES
Net: When Should Netrock be defined?
Net: Summary of Suggested Netpay / Netrock Method
Reviewers of Petrophysical Results:
Check Netpay
GEO-MODEL INPUT
Sensitivity Studies indicate what data to acquire and where to focus effort
Geo-model: Input Uncertainties – strictly petrophysical
Geo-model: Field Petrophysical Reference – The Results Table
c:\data\courses\zzXMAC.avi Click to play
Geo-model: Input Display:
How much oil does each well have and how permeable?
Geo-model: A Consistent Geo.model
Geo-model: Imagine your reservoir as a road cutting..
Geo-model: Checksums
Ensure EHC & kh are equal at all scales
Reviewers of Petrophysical Results:
10 Systematic errors which ruin your
geo.models (chronological)
Break for Lunch, continue Evaluation Recs after
Day5 Recap, Questions, Debate
RESISTIVITY CASE HISTORY (PhD)
Schematic of Problem Well A
Well A’s Sw logs profile suggests unacceptably complex capillary pressures
Well A Formation Fluid Pressures from FITs and DSTs
Petrophysical definition of conglomerate clast
Influence of Vclast on F, (Ro/Rw)
Why does this plot miss the point?
Well A: Key Findings1
Well A: Key Findings2
And the answer is …
THE END
BACKUP
EQUATIONS
Lithology
M and N lithology parameters
Shale Volume from Gamma Ray
Shale Volume from SP
Shale Volume from Density-neutron
Porosity
Conversion of Laboratory to Reservoir Core Overburden Porosity
Density Porosity
Density-neutron Porosity
Density-neutron Gas Zone Porosity
Sonic Porosity
Porosity from Ro (water zones) assuming Rw and ‘m’
Effective Porosity
Formation Water Resistivity, Rw
Porosity, m Apparent Water Resistivity, Rwa
Resistivity Ratio Apparent Water Resistivity, Rwrr and equivalent NaCl (chart
Saturation
Formation Factor
Cementation Exponent
Waxman Smits prediction of water saturated resistivity, Ro
Resistivity Index
Saturation Exponent
Archie Saturation
Logarithmic Form of Archie Equation (where a = 1)
Archie Cementation Exponent from Water Zones
Sxo from Rmfa
Dual Water Model Saturation
Waxman & Smits Model Saturation
Equivalent Conductivity of Exchange Cations
Effective Concentration of Exchange Cations per Unit Volume of Pore Fluid
Actual BQv Required to Satisfy W-S Equation in water zones (Swt = 1.00)
Qv from Archie apparent water zone ‘m’
Waxman Smits mws from Archie m
Popoun & Leveaux ‘Indonesia’ Shaly Sand Saturation
J Function Correlation of Pore Types
Conversion to Height above Free Water Level
Mercury capillary pressure clay bound water correction
Saturation Exponent from log independent Sw (Swx)
Layer Sw for Mapping Wedge Zones
Rt for Economic Production (max. water cut)
Permeability
Darcy Permeability
Well Test Permeability Thickness
Empirical Klinkenberg Correction
Kbrine from Kair and CEC (Qv)
Example klog for Above Transition Zone
klog for Above Transition Zone – Log Data Only
Normalised resistivity ratio, RRn
Fractional Flow Equation
FIGURE CAPTIONS
REFERENCES
Petrophysicaly Related Websites
ABBREVIATIONS
ESSENTIAL SCHLUMBERGER CHARTS
Maximum understanding, minimum time: 416 message driven slides, videos, micro-practicals, workshops, discussion
Contents – 3 Day
COURSE OBJECTIVES..
Course Objectives
Course Contents include
INTRODUCTION & PRINCIPLES
Intro: A Comprehensive Course Manual !
Intro: The Central Role of Petrophysics is to INTEGRATE !
Intro: Objective of Formation Evaluation
Intro: Four log calibrations ensure correct HPV’s ..this is what we will do (Deakin&Smith 2003)
Intro: Reservoir schematic
Intro: Data Hierarchy and Upward Calibration: Logs Provide a Vehicle for Data Integration
Intro: First Step, The Concept of Data Hierarchy
Intro: Data Hierarchy Criteria
Intro: Calibration projects high value data into larger reservoir volumes using more continuous data
Intro: Invert equations where you know the answer
Intro: Major Petrophysical Difficulties
Intro: Improper core sampling for core-log calibration
Intro: RCA should be at fixed depth spacing – like log data
Intro: A Basic Problem for Petrophysics
QUICK LOOK
Quick Look: Borehole, invasion and symbols (Schl. Gen-3)
Quick Look: Invasion profiles indicate mobile fluids & permeability – oil base mud
Quick Look: Why porosity logs are plotted backwards
Quick Look: Compute Vsh
Quick Look: Compute Vsh
Quick Look: Compute Ø
Quick Look: Density-Neutron crossplot Ø, safe!
Quick Look: Compute Ø
Quick Look: Compute Sw
Quick Look: Compute Sw
Quick Look: Compute k
Quick Look: Aquifer, Transition Zone and Hydrocarbon Zone
Quick Look: Compute netpay, h …
Quick Look: Default Equation Sequence
Quick Look: The backbone of log analysis..
Quick Look: Caution.. reviewers beware!
Recommended Evaluation Sequence
DATA PREPARATION
VSHALE AND LITHOLOGY
Vsh: Clay and Shale
Vsh: Common Uses of Vclay, Vshale
Vsh: Common Problems
Vsh: GR Spectroscopy, NMR and other inputs
c:\data\courses\zzMRIL.avi Click to play
Vsh: CGR clean & CGR shale values from 5 & 95 percentiles
Vsh: Conventional wisdom: True Vsh < Linear Vshgr
Vsh Density-neutron
Vsh: Some more equations.. see Notes
Vsh: Advantages of Vshgr
Vsh: Thomas-Stieber clay distribution.. assumes sand Øt is reduced by dispersed clay in pores, Tertiary clastics
Lith: Lithoscanner and spectral GR tools
c:\data\courses\zzLithoScanner.wmv Click to play
As a Reviewer of Petrophysics: Check Vshale
Recommended Evaluation Sequence
POROSITY
Ø: Objective of Log Derived Porosity
Ø: Common Porosity Problems
Ø: Pre-emptive action for Badhole
Morning report: “Successfully cemented rig in-place”
Ø: Importance and Problems of Core Porosity
Ø: Significance of grain density, rhog
Day1 Recap
Ø: Core Cleaning and Drying
Ø: Recommended RCA procedure
Ø: Core Overburden Porosities
Ø: The Ideal Model Full core-log integration. Uses Øt & Øe linked via Qv, salinity (Juhasz 1988)
Ø: Advantages of Total Porosity, Øt
Ø: What is Effective Porosity? Øe
Ø: Mainstream Petrophysics Øe
Ø: Traditional Log Analysis Øe
Ø: Porosity measurements compared
Ø: Log Integration. rhog variations cause error in Density Porosity
Ø: Log Integration. Core-log plot determines apparent fluid density, rhof
Ø: Magnetic Resonance Porosities, Ømrt, Ømre
Ø: Neutron Porosity, Øn
Ø: Deriving Øn : 1. Matrix and Shale corrections
Ø: Kaolinite reduces GR’s ability to correct neutron
Ø: Advantages of Ødn and recap
Ø: Gas Zone Porosities
Reviewers of Petrophysics: Check Ø
Recommended Evaluation Sequence
Rw, FORMATION WATER RESISITIVITY
Rw: Formation Water Resistivity
Rw: Errors obscure resistivity derived pay
Rw: The Rw we Want and The Rw we Get
Rw: Sources of Rw *=@Swi
Rw: Identify & Flag “Sw100” zones for Rwa, NaCla, ma, BQva etc..
Rw: Archie Rwa from clean 100% water zones
MICROPRACTICAL Compute Rwa, Rwrr
Rw: NaCl apparent (NaCla), a useful curve during exploration
Reviewers of Petrophysical Results: Check Rw
Ro, WATER SATURATED FORMATION RESISTIVITY & m
Ro: Water Saturated Resistivity, Objective and Problems
Ro: Function of ‘m’
Ro: Ø^-m = Ro/Rw Core-log common format ‘m’ definition plot
Ro: Laboratory SCAL m* variations
Ro: Sw100 Zone Log Analysis ‘m’
Ro: Determining m and mws from Sw100zone log data
Ro: Carbonates: Is Water Zone ‘m’ related to Øvugs ?
Ro: ‘m’ Log Integration
Reviewers of Petrophysical Results: Check Ro
Recommended Evaluation Sequence
Sw WATER SATURATION
Sw: Saturation
Sw: Uncertainty Increased by:
Sw: Archie – Basic Reference
Rt: Rt Squaring is Naive – a glance at core (Malay basin shaly sands)
Rt: Rdeep lwd Exceeds Invasion Corrected Rt lld
Rt: Vertical and Horizontal Resistivity for Rsand(3DEX)
Day2 Recap
BIG WEDNESDA
n SATURATION EXPONENT
n: Function of ‘n’
n: Sw^-n = Rt/Ro Core-log common format ‘n’ definition plot
n: Importance of ‘n’
WETTABILITY
Wettability: Wetting preferences dictate the distribution of oil and water within the pore network
Wettability: The link between resistivity and Sw becomes problematic with mixed wettability n* 3.4 ? 1.8; EHC+48%
Wettability: Is your reservoir non-strongly water wet?
n: Improve your laboratory ‘n’ values..
MICROPRACTICAL Sw equations predict Ro first … then compare with Rt
SHALY SAND EVALUATION
Shaly sands: Ro is suppressed in Shaly Sands for a given Ø
Shaly sands: Rt is suppressed in Shaly Sands for a given Sw
Shaly sands: Multiple Salinity Core Tests for Excess Conductivity, B*Qv and Waxman Smits Fws
Shaly sands: Waxman & Smits, Swt
Shaly sands: Core Cation Exchange Capacity for Qv
Shaly sands: Øt – Qv relationships (log-log plot)
Shaly sands: NMR logs provide Qv estimate
Shaly sands: NMR logs provide this and more:
Shaly sands: apparent Qv from Archie m = f.(Ø,Vsh).. no core (Qvm)
Shaly sands: Equivalent Conductivity of Exchange Cations, B
Shaly sands: Is ‘m’ a Function of Vshale ? Sw100zone diagnostic plot
Shaly sands: Are ‘clean’ sands really clean ? Does it matter ?
Non Archie conditions
Popular Sw Equations
Choose a Suitably Structured Saturation Equation
Shaly sands: For Freshwater Shaly Sands do this …
Shaly sands: Getting the right answer..
n: ‘n’ as a core-log matching parameter. Use best estimate of reservoir Sw for core-log integration
SW OIL BASE MUD CORE
Swobm: Oil and Water mud core Sw compared to reservoir true Sw
Swobm: Partial Invasion of an Oil Mud Core leaving an un-invaded center
Swobm: Dean Stark apparatus used in the determination of oil mud Swcore
Swobm: Comparison of oil mud core and log derived Sw, Prudhoe Bay
Swobm: How to get Sw OBM core
Sw CAPILLARY PRESSURE
Swpc: What is Capillary Pressure?
Swpc: WFTs Provide FWL, Mobile Fluid Type and Actual Reservoir Capillary Pressure
Swpc: Porous plate apparatus used for air-brine capillary pressure data, Sw – Pc
Swpc: Wetting phase (water) desaturation with increasing Pc
Capillary Pressure Saturations – 4 controls on Sh
Swpc: Converting Laboratory Pc to Height
Swpc: Height positions the Pc-Sw data in the reservoir..
Swpc: J Bundles Ø, k and Ht to correlate with Sw
Swpc: Summary of J Function Sw from Pc data, Swj
Swpc: The Reservoir Master Equation J predicts Sw (carbonate, poor fit)
Swpc: Equation check: Plot Swj vs Sw measured
Swpc: Use RCA to project cap.press data into the reservoir
Swpc: e.g. Whole core would provide a log independent direct measure of EHC over gross interval
Swpc: Log Ø, Sw, k = Core Ø, Sw, k
Swpc: Redisplay lab Pc results as a simple Sw-Ht grid
Swpc: n from logged Rt and Cap.Pressure Data
Day3 Recap
Sw NMR, DIELECTRIC & OTHERS
Swmr: Magnetic Resonance Swi
Swik4: Sw from log evaluation matches Swik4 from core Ø and k
c:\data\courses\zzDieScanr.wmv Click to play
SW WRAP UP
Swrt: Do we use the Log Integrated ‘n’ value for Swrt or not?
Sw: Alternative Methods for Sw Equation Parameters
Sw: Base case – Logical Constraints (reviewers)
Sw: Logical constraint: At a given porosity, Swrt increases with increasing clays: the shaly sand equation (W&S) is not over compensating
Sw: Logical constraint: Swrt agrees with Swpc
Four log calibrations ensure correct HPV’s. This is what we have done (Deakin&Smith 2003)
Reviewers of Petrophysical Results: Check Sw
MICROPRACTICAL Core analysis indicates Swi
Recommended Evaluation Sequence
MOBILE FLUID ZONES
Contacts, Fluid Zones & Capillary Pressure
FZ: Fluid zones and their use during data extraction for geo.models
FZ: Fluid zone determination can be complex
FZ: Supercharging: WFT measured pressures may be above formation if permeability is low
FZ: Excess Pressure plots clarify FWLs and show actual reservoir capillary pressure
FZ: Saturn Probe <2mD formation
FZ: Mis-identified gradients from pressure barriers
c:\data\courses\zzIFX.wmv Click to play
FZ: Think of kicks as unplanned well tests
FZ: Think of kicks as unplanned well tests … contd.
FZ: Bulk Volume Water, BVW = Ø*Swi (Buckles Number)
FZ: Ø*Swi > Buckles Number indicates Fluid Zone = Transition Zone, Residual or Water
FZ: In Transition Zones Pc is low and Sw>Swi. Water and oil both mobile
Reviewers of Petrophysical Results: Check Fluid Zones
Recommended Evaluation Sequence
k PERMEABILITY & DERIVATIVES
k: Permeability Objectives
k: Well B’s Netpay is more permeable. Compare your wells’ h or EHC like this
k: Problem: Flow from Static Properties (reviewer)
k: Why core data rules (reviewer)better at satisfying Data Hierarchy criteria
k: Typical Relative Values for Various Measures of Permeability (reviewer)
k: The effective h may not be that at the well bore
k: Reservoir Rock Typing (RRT) for klog
k: Two Rocktypes: Same field, same well, same reservoir
k: Rocktypes: J value vs. Sw trends help reveal separate rocktypes
k: Rocktypes: Log linear J Function plot, two trends. Air/mercury data
k: Are Geo.Facies Useful for klog?
k: Permeability indicators, ranked (reviewer)
k: Log Integration for Permeability
k: Quick Look Permeability from cheap logs
k: Summary of Quick Look Perm. contd.
k: The ability of Sw to predict k exceeds Ø Same core plugs. (N.Sea cap.pres.data)
k: kair from log derived Ø & Sw irreducible, Chart K4
k: MICROPRACTICALHydrocarbon Pore Volume indicates permeability Chart K-4
k: Advantages of HPV & Sw for klog
k: klog = f.(vsh, Ø, Sw)
Day4 Recap
k: Timur Coates permeability equation
k: Understanding Bound Fluid Volume BFV and logs
k: TimurCoates equation vs Core
Reviewers of Petrophysical Results: Check Permeability
Recommended Evaluation Sequence
NET & NETPAY
Net: What is Netpay?
Net: Accurately determining the Net cutoff can be crucial …
Net: ‘Net’ yields fluids
Net: Rt imported from Twin-well (200ft away) shows Water-flood Above and Below 1mD
Net: Depletion below 1mD = Net (RFTs)
Net: Strong Relationship Between Movable Oil Saturation after Water Flood and Permeability indicating Zero Movable Oil at 0.2mD
Misleading Data: How not to acquire SCAL data. Exclusively high permeability samples create bias and preclude trends
Net: Logs = non-pay or marginal, core = pay: Tested 11mmscfpd. This facies 35% Bulk Rock Vol.
Net: Log and Non-log Netpay, Netrock Indicators, ranked
Net: Why Permeability as Cut-off criteria ?
Net: PASS FLUIDS measured by Vclay – No!
Net: PASS FLUIDS measured by Porosity – No!
Net: PASS FLUIDS measured by Sh – better
Net: PASS FLUIDS measured by k – YES
Net: Summary of Suggested Netpay / Netrock Method
Reviewers of Petrophysical Results: Check Netpay
GEO-MODEL INPUT
Sensitivity Studies indicate what data to acquire and where to focus effort
Geo-model: Input Uncertainties – strictly petrophysical
Geo-model: A Consistent Geo.model
Geo-model: Imagine your reservoir as a road cutting..
Geo-model: ChecksumsEnsure EHC & kh are equal at all scales
Reviewers of Petrophysical Results: 10 Systematic errors which ruin your geo.models (chronological)
Day5 Recap
THE END
EQUATIONS
Lithology
M and N lithology parameters
Shale Volume from Gamma Ray
Shale Volume from SP
Shale Volume from Density-neutron
Porosity
Conversion of Laboratory to Reservoir Core Overburden Porosity
Density Porosity
Density-neutron Porosity
Density-neutron Gas Zone Porosity
Sonic Porosity
Porosity from Ro (water zones) assuming Rw and ‘m’
Effective Porosity
Formation Water Resistivity, Rw
Porosity, m Apparent Water Resistivity, Rwa
Resistivity Ratio Apparent Water Resistivity, Rwrr and equivalent NaCl (chart
Saturation
Formation Factor
Cementation Exponent
Waxman Smits prediction of water saturated resistivity, Ro
Resistivity Index
Saturation Exponent
Archie Saturation
Logarithmic Form of Archie Equation (where a = 1)
Archie Cementation Exponent from Water Zones
Sxo from Rmfa
Dual Water Model Saturation
Waxman & Smits Model Saturation
Equivalent Conductivity of Exchange Cations
Effective Concentration of Exchange Cations per Unit Volume of Pore Fluid
Actual BQv Required to Satisfy W-S Equation in water zones (Swt = 1.00)
Qv from Archie apparent water zone ‘m’
Waxman Smits mws from Archie m
Popoun & Leveaux ‘Indonesia’ Shaly Sand Saturation
J Function Correlation of Pore Types
Conversion to Height above Free Water Level
Mercury capillary pressure clay bound water correction
Saturation Exponent from log independent Sw (Swx)
Layer Sw for Mapping Wedge Zones
Rt for Economic Production (max. water cut)
Permeability
Darcy Permeability
Well Test Permeability Thickness
Empirical Klinkenberg Correction
Kbrine from Kair and CEC (Qv)
Example klog for Above Transition Zone
klog for Above Transition Zone – Log Data Only
Normalised resistivity ratio, RRn
Fractional Flow Equation
FIGURE CAPTIONS
REFERENCES
Petrophysicaly Related Websites
ABBREVIATIONS
ESSENTIAL SCHLUMBERGER CHARTS